Among parasitoids, strategies range from living inside the host, allowing it to continue growing before emerging as an adult, to paralysing the host and livin. Introduction parasitoids represent one of the most prevalent lifestyles on earth, second only to phytophagous insects, their major. In this chapter we will write about parasitoid wasps, their evolutionary history, biology, developmental strategies, behavioral ecology, and multitrophic interactions. In recent years significant advances have been made in order to understand the chemical ecology of insect parasitoids. Parasitoids are the most important natural enemies of many insect species. Parasitoids lay their eggs on or in the bodies of other species of insect, and the parasitoid larvae develop by feeding on the host, causing its eventual death. This can be achieved thanks to the heuristic power of evolutionary approaches. Using an optimal foraging model, we determine the behavior of parasitoids which leads to maximization of the instantaneous reproductive rate. The physiology of host feeding in parasitic wasps mivegec. The latter is an utterly underexplored area in chemical ecology. Parasitoidism is one of six major evolutionary strategies within parasitism, distinguished by the fatal prognosis for the host, which makes the strategy close to predation. He is also an expert in biological control, with more than 20 years experience of working with insect parasitoids. This analysis of the biology of parasitoids also examines their behaviour, ecology and. There use as biological control agents against insect pests in the neotropics is explored in the last part of the chapter.
Parasitoids behavioral and evolutionary ecology princeton university press, princeton. However, despite these limitations, this study represent an interesting new piece of information about the ecology of melittobia species and can be the basis to extend knowledge on semiochemical use in an evolutionary perspective in the context of foraging behavior of insect parasitoids. Parasitoids may appear generalists, but careful ecological studies reveal a. Behavior, like morphological characteristics, is specific and adaptive, but. A better knowledge of parasitoids biology and ecology is key to successful application of evolutionary principles and determinant to identifying intimate connections with the life history of respective hosts roitberg et al. Parasitoids ecology and evolution frontiers research topic. Herbivorous insects have evolved an arsenal of defenses against natural enemies, including chemical, behavioral, morphological, and physiological characteristics, or a combination of each. A natural enemy in nature limits its attack to a fraction of the suitable. A natural enemy in nature limits its attack to a fraction of the suitable prey hosts species that may be available to it. Adult females lay their eggs in or on other insects, and larvae subsequently develop by feeding on host bodies resulting in their death. Chapter 5 genetics of the behavioral ecology of egg parasitoids. Hostinstar selection in the aphid parasitoid monoctonus. The combined effects of the rapid evolution of pest resistance to chemicals. Traits common to predators and parasitoids notes i.
He is a population biologist specializing in population genetics, behavioral ecology, and statistical modeling. Behavioural ecology of insect parasitoids from theoretical approaches to field applications bepar 5 mathematical techniques. Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders. J godfray published in 1994 in princeton nj by princeton university press.
Studying parasitoid patch use behavior has many parallels with predators searching for prey that are distributed in patches. This chapter is concerned with the behavioral ecology of host location in parasitoids. Behavioral and evolutionary ecology monographs in behavior and ecology. Chemical compounds infochemicals or semiochemicals play an important role both in intraspecific and interspecific communication. Evolutionary ecology of trophically transmitted parasites armand m. The focus of the discussion of host location by larvaphagous parasitoids is on those species of parasitoids attacking herbivorous lepidopterous larvae.
For example, chemical cues appear to play a key role in the host selection process adopted by insect parasitoids. Immobility with fighting may provide a less stringent route from siblicidal behavior to nonsiblicidal behavior in parasitoids pexton and mayhew, 2001. Behavioural ecology of insect parasitoids bepar european. In many cases, animal behaviour does converge with theoretical predictions. He is a parasitoid behavioral ecologist whose main center of interest is to enquire how individual behavior translates into population processes. A classical example is a group of parasitoids exploiting a number of host patches together. A females potential fecundity as measured by the number of ovarial eggs at eclosion varied with her size and larval ontogeny.
In contrast to the hymenoptera, learning in dipteran parasitoids is relatively unstudied. Known for a long time to applied biologists for their importance in regulating the population densities of economic pests, parasitoids have recently proven to be valuable tools in testing many aspects of evolutionaparasitoids lay their eggs on or in the bodies of other species of insect, and the parasitoid larvae develop by feeding. Behavioral variation among colonies has consequences for survival and reproductive success that are the basis for evolutionary change. Siblicide and lifehistory evolution in parasitoids. The field of chemical ecology of insect parasitoids shows some of these promising developments. Learning affects host discrimination behavior in a parasitoid wasp. This article explores major themes in the evolution of the subject ove. Parasitoids species which lay their eggs on or in the bodies of other species, the larvae feeding on and usually killing the host are important, both because of their use in controlling economic pest species, and also because of their recent use in testing many aspects of evolutionary theory. Nov 29, 2018 michal segoli, eric wajnberg, the combined effect of host and food availability on optimized parasitoid life. Parasitoids lay their eggs on or in the bodies of other species of insect, and the parasitoid larvae develop by. Department of ecology and evolutionary biology, corson hall. Evolution and marine biology and marine science institute, university of california. Does parasitoid attack strategy influence host specificity.
A more complex situation arises when the outcome of the behaviour of an individual depends on the behaviour of conspecifics. The parasitoid wasp, hyposoter horticola, parasitizes a nearly fixed fraction of its host butterfly. This book synthesizes the work of both schools of parasitoid biology and asks how a consideration of evolutionary biology can help us understand the behavior, ecology, and diversity of the approximately one to two million species of parasitoid found on earth. Pdf functional ecology of immature parasitoids luana. Addresses 1iowa state university, department of ecology, evolution, and organismal 2. Behavioral and evolutionary ecology volume 67 of monographs in behavior and ecology, issn 26918625. Asymmetric larval mobility and the evolutionary transition. This book synthesizes the work of applied and theoretical biologists and asks how a consideration of evolutionary biology can help us to understand the behaviour, ecology and diversity of the approximately 12 million species of parasitoids principally in the orders hymenoptera and diptera, but also some members of the coleoptera, lepidoptera, neuroptera and at least one trichopteran found on. The behavioral ecology of variation in social insects. Natural selection acts strongly on parasitoids, because they cannot reproduce without attacking hosts. Abstract in almost all species of parasitic wasps in the coccophaginae, a subfamily of aphelinidae, males have host relationships different from females.
After a general introduction to parasitoid natural history and taxonomy, the first part of the book treats the different components of the reproductive strategy of parasitoids. In these heteronomous species, females are generally endoparasitoids of sternorrhynchous hemiptera, such as scale insects, mealybugs, and whiteflies. A parasitoids reproductive success and their efficiency thus lies in their ability to counter behavioral and immune defenses of their hosts. Importance of host feeding for parasitoids that attack.
Parasitoids parasitoids lay their eggs on or in the bodies of other species of insect, and the parasitoid larvae develop by feeding on the host, causing its eventual death. The insect immune response and other putative defenses as. This book synthesizes the work of applied and theoretical biologists and asks how a consideration of evolutionary biology. When following this adaptive decision rule, parasitoids accept or refuse superparasitism according to the densities of both healthy and parasitized hosts. Known for their importance in regulating the population densities of pests, parasitoids have proven recently to be valuable tools with which to test aspects of evolutionary theory. Evolutionary ecology of the interactions between aphids and their. Recently, there has been exciting progress in our understanding of the behavioral and evolutionary ecology of immature parasitoids. Oct 01, 1993 parasitoids lay their eggs on or in the bodies of other species of insect, and the parasitoid larvae develop by feeding on the host, causing its eventual death.
Learning in the generalist tachinid parasitoid exorista mella. The general host selection behavior of parasitoid hymenoptera. Behavioral and evolutionary ecology monographs in behavior and ecology by godfray, h. Feb 01, 1998 the remainder of the presentation focuses on a comparison of the strategies employed by larvaphagous and oophagous parasitoid hymenoptera. In contrast, males may be hyperparasitoids, developing in or on conspecific females or.
Parasitoids and nonparasitic predators have different ecological and evolutionary responses to the same prey partly because of variation in how they interact with their prey. Four decades of parasitoid science godfray 2016 entomologia. Many parasitoids have been shown to learn visual andor olfactory cues associated with hosts. It is an essential reference for research scientists and students studying these fascinating insects or for anyone involved in using parasitoids in biological control programs. Superparasitism refers to the oviposition behavior of parasitoid females who lay their eggs in an already parasitized host. This analysis of the biology of parasitoids also examines their behaviour, ecology and great diversity. We tested this hypothesis by modeling the invasion of alleles encoding for immobility and mobility under a range of scenarios within the framework of godfrays original models godfray, 1987. Braconidae, host range, idiobiosis, koinobiosis, specialisation.
The evolutionary ecology of resistance to parasitoids by drosophila. Behavioral and evolutionary ecology find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. Godfray overview parasitoids lay their eggs on or in the bodies of other species of insect, and the parasitoid larvae develop by feeding on the host, causing its eventual death. A major goal of population and community ecology is to characterize the evolutionary responses of animals to selective pressure from natural enemies singer and stireman 2005. The dynamics of aphid colonies has resulted in interesting behavioural adaptations in aphid parasitoids and makes them an ideal model for comparative studies. Endoparasitoids have a unique life cycle compared to most predators because they spend their entire larval stage developing within their prey godfray 1994.
Behavioral ecology of parasitoid diet breadth and insect. Adaptive superparasitism and hostparasitoid dynamics. Frontiers semiochemical exploitation of hostassociated. Considering the small size of both parasitoids and their hosts, and also the structural complexity of the environments inhabited by most parasitoids, finding a suitable host appears a formidable task. Developing parasitoids face a diversity of ecological constraints, and parasitism success involves decisions and responses made by immature parasitoids to find a host and solve conflicts. H charles j godfray parasitoids lay their eggs on or in the bodies of other species of insect, and the parasitoid larvae develop by feeding on the host, causing its eventual death. Interest in parasitoid evolutionary behavioural ecology reached. Known for a long time to applied biologists for their importance in regulating the population densities of economic pests, parasitoids have recently proven to be valuable tools in testing many aspects of evolutionary theory. Abstract recently, there has been exciting progress in our understanding of the behavioral and evolutionary ecology of immature parasitoids. Trophic transmission is a distinctive parasitic lifehistory strategy.
Wasp behavior leads to uniform parasitism of a host available only a. There will thus come a time when the parasitoid will be selected to abandon the current patch and search for a new site. Known for a long time to applied biologists for their importance in regulating the population densities of economic pests, parasitoids have recently proven to be valuable tools in. Incorporating physiology into parasitoid behavioral ecology. Chapter 5 genetics of the behavioral ecology of egg. Jan 16, 1994 parasitoids lay their eggs on or in the bodies of other species of insect, and the parasitoid larvae develop by feeding on the host, causing its eventual death. Key words host parasitoid relationship, life history, host selection, gregariousness, host behavior abstract recently, there has been exciting progress in our understanding of the behavioral and evolutionary ecology of immature parasitoids. Developing parasitoids face a diversity of ecological constraints, and parasitism success involves decisions and responses made by immature parasitoids to find a host and solve conflicts with five potential antagonists. In evolutionary ecology, a parasitoid is an organism that lives in close association with its host at the hosts expense, eventually resulting in the death of the host. Parasitoid body size was a function of aphid size at parasitism. Written by a team of leading international specialists, behavioral ecology of insect parasitoids examines the optimal behaviors that parasitoids exhibit in order to maximize long term offspring production. This is one of the classical problems of optimal foraging theory, a field of behavioral ecology. Responses of parasitoids to infochemicals are increasingly studied with an integrated approach of mechanism and function.
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